<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<itemContainer xmlns="http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5 http://omeka.org/schemas/omeka-xml/v5/omeka-xml-5-0.xsd" uri="https://pehh.library.utoronto.ca/items/browse?collection=44&amp;output=omeka-xml" accessDate="2026-04-19T14:42:32-04:00">
  <miscellaneousContainer>
    <pagination>
      <pageNumber>1</pageNumber>
      <perPage>20</perPage>
      <totalResults>4</totalResults>
    </pagination>
  </miscellaneousContainer>
  <item itemId="17461" public="1" featured="1">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="11905">
        <src>https://pehh.library.utoronto.ca/files/original/cf9fe9420368774d8397724ecfe965d8.pdf</src>
        <authentication>a07748917d6f72aceca7ab55f0a5a3da</authentication>
        <elementSetContainer>
          <elementSet elementSetId="1">
            <name>Dublin Core</name>
            <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
            <elementContainer>
              <element elementId="50">
                <name>Title</name>
                <description>A name given to the resource</description>
                <elementTextContainer>
                  <elementText elementTextId="149395">
                    <text>Joël Vredenburg Painting</text>
                  </elementText>
                </elementTextContainer>
              </element>
            </elementContainer>
          </elementSet>
        </elementSetContainer>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <collection collectionId="44">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="9383">
                  <text>1891  -  Joël Vredenburg&#13;
</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="40">
      <name>PEHH Author</name>
      <description/>
      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="54">
          <name>Short Name</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="148493">
              <text>VredenburgJ</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="57">
          <name>Long Name</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="148496">
              <text>Joël Vredenburg</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="31">
          <name>Birth Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="148499">
              <text>24 July 1866</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="32">
          <name>Birthplace</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="148502">
              <text>Amsterdam </text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="134">
          <name>Married Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="148505">
              <text>February 27, 1903</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="137">
          <name>Married to</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="148508">
              <text>Esther Bamberger</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="35">
          <name>Biographical Text</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="148511">
              <text>&lt;a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%ABl_Vredenburg"&gt;https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%ABl_Vredenburg&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.geni.com/people/Joel-Joseph-Vredenburg/6000000002562469601"&gt;https://www.geni.com/people/Joel-Joseph-Vredenburg/6000000002562469601&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;amp;identifier=ddd%3A010874811%3Ampeg21%3Ap009"&gt;https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll=ddd&amp;amp;identifier=ddd%3A010874811%3Ampeg21%3Ap009&lt;/a&gt;</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="60">
          <name>Graduation Year</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="148514">
              <text>1891</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="140">
          <name>Graduation Age</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="148517">
              <text>25</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="36">
          <name>Bibliography</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="148520">
              <text>יוסף לקח : והוא חמשה חומשי תורה וחמש מגלות ... = De Pentateuch en de Vijf Rollen ... en de Haphtaroth en Shabbathgebeden / Yosef leqaḥ : we-huʾ ḥamišah ḥumše Torah we-ḥameš megilot = De Pentateuch en de Vijf Rollen ... en de Haphtaroth en Shabbathgebeden&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;Oud-Israels rechtswezen en Prof. H. Oort, de tegenwoordige woordvoerder der moderne bijbelkritiek in Nederland&lt;/span&gt;</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="33">
          <name>Death Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="148523">
              <text>March 16, 1943</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="122">
          <name>Deathplace</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="148526">
              <text>Arnhem, Gelderland, Netherlands</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
      </elementContainer>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="148492">
                <text>Joël Vredenburg Bio</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="2557" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="5234">
        <src>https://pehh.library.utoronto.ca/files/original/4e7103976d5829473abc501815401f22.pdf</src>
        <authentication>8a194a90f19031a955dfc719e62dd16c</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <collection collectionId="44">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="9383">
                  <text>1891  -  Joël Vredenburg&#13;
</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="19">
      <name>PEHH Responsa</name>
      <description/>
      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="61">
          <name>Author Long Name</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="20434">
              <text>Joël Vredenburg</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="64">
          <name>Author Short Name</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="20437">
              <text>VredenburgJ</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="73">
          <name>Legible</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="20446">
              <text>TRUE</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="76">
          <name>Question Summary</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="20449">
              <text>A village has no meat, a cow arrives on Shabbat, Sunday is Yom Tov. A non-Jew wants to pay necessary slaughter taxes. Does the butcher need to stop him?</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="79">
          <name>Question Full</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="20452">
              <text>On Shabbat the eve of a holiday there was no kosher meat in the village, and in the morning of Shabbat a cow was brought to the butcher. And because of taxes, it is not permitted to slaughter without a special permission, and in order to receive the permission he or his agent has to go sign the papers and pay the tax. The butcher did have an non-Jewish assistant who knows about such matters and was thinking of going to the tax office to sign and pay the taxes on behalf of the owner, so that it will be possible to slaughter the animal that night. The butcher asked if he has to stop the assistant, or not.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="70">
          <name>Category</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="23617">
              <text>Orah Haim</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
      </elementContainer>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20428">
                <text>Ros. 1889 B 9(4) a</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20431">
                <text>Shabat</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20440">
                <text>1891</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20455">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://archives-viewer.uba.uva.nl/view/UBAinv459.Ros.%201889%20B%209%20(4)%20a"&gt;Ros. 1889 B 9(4) a&lt;/a&gt;</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="24808">
                <text>Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="157">
        <name>Shabat| Sabbath</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="2560" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="5236">
        <src>https://pehh.library.utoronto.ca/files/original/d61a327073b2dde926edf9809c09beb8.pdf</src>
        <authentication>10af6535ea8b51d58ef083307f19adc0</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <collection collectionId="44">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="9383">
                  <text>1891  -  Joël Vredenburg&#13;
</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="19">
      <name>PEHH Responsa</name>
      <description/>
      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="61">
          <name>Author Long Name</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="20464">
              <text>Joël Vredenburg</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="64">
          <name>Author Short Name</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="20467">
              <text>VredenburgJ</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="73">
          <name>Legible</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="20476">
              <text>TRUE</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="76">
          <name>Question Summary</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="20479">
              <text>A woman finds the chicken is missing a bile. After throwing away the liver and innards, she salts and cooks the chicken in a pot. May it be eaten?</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="79">
          <name>Question Full</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="20482">
              <text>A woman did not find a bile in the chicken, and she took a piece of the liver and gave it to her non-Jewish servant to taste to see if it was bitter. She confirms the liver is bitter. The woman then relies on her report and throws away the liver and all of the innards. But she proceeds to salt and cook the chicken in a pot. After she tells her husband, and being unsure he asks the rabbi if the chicken and gravy may be eaten.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="70">
          <name>Category</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="23826">
              <text>Jore De'a</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
      </elementContainer>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20458">
                <text>Ros. 1889 B 9(4) b</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20461">
                <text>Other</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20470">
                <text>1891</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20485">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://archives-viewer.uba.uva.nl/view/UBAinv459.Ros.%201889%20B%209%20(4)%20b"&gt;Ros. 1889 B 9(4) b&lt;/a&gt;</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="24811">
                <text>Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="1">
        <name>Other</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="2563" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="5239">
        <src>https://pehh.library.utoronto.ca/files/original/c407d4e1cf51af6624f28b01b582755b.pdf</src>
        <authentication>bedb0cbd02487861115f327aac41a8f1</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <collection collectionId="44">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="9383">
                  <text>1891  -  Joël Vredenburg&#13;
</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="19">
      <name>PEHH Responsa</name>
      <description/>
      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="61">
          <name>Author Long Name</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="20494">
              <text>Joël Vredenburg</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="64">
          <name>Author Short Name</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="20497">
              <text>VredenburgJ</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="73">
          <name>Legible</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="20506">
              <text>TRUE</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="76">
          <name>Question Summary</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="20509">
              <text>One of 3 brothers is not Jewish. One has disappeared. One died, his wife received Halitsah from the 3rd son and remarried, and the 3rd son reveals the matter.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="79">
          <name>Question Full</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="20512">
              <text>A man has two sons and also has a son from a non-Jewish woman, who with the permission of his wife was raised in his house as one of the sons. The non-Jewish son was also circumcised but had not been converted, and it was all kept a secret. After some years the parents passed away, and the children know that one of them is not-Jewish, but they don't know which one. One of them went to live far away and no one knows the address. The second one married and told his wife the situation. He then died without children, his wife took Halitsah from the third son and remarried. Now the third son comes forward, and the wife of the second son admitted to having kept the secret for otherwise she may not have been allowed to remarry. And now the question is what to do.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="70">
          <name>Category</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="24024">
              <text>Even Ha'Ezer</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
      </elementContainer>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20488">
                <text>Ros. 1889 B 9(4) c</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20491">
                <text>Yibum</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20500">
                <text>1891</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="20515">
                <text>&lt;a href="https://archives-viewer.uba.uva.nl/view/UBAinv459.Ros.%201889%20B%209%20(4)%20c"&gt;Ros. 1889 B 9(4) c&lt;/a&gt;</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="24814">
                <text>Bibliotheca Rosenthaliana</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="148">
        <name>Yibum| Levirate Marriage</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
